The biosphere is a land shell that covers all living organisms, their habitat, as well as vital products. For the first time, the definition of the biosphere introduced the Austrian scientist Zyuss in 1875. However, the content of this concept was disclosed only after fifty years academician Vernadsky.
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The biosphere although it seems something immense, but still has its borders. The top border of the biosphere passes in the atmosphere, and if more specifically, in the troposphere and reaches the ozone layer of the Earth. The lower limit is defined in the lithosphere layer and includes the entire hydrosphere, as well as a small part of the lithosphere. The total thickness of the vertical layer of the biosphere is almost 20 km.
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The structure of the biosphere includes four main types of substances. One of the most important things are the living matter - these are all the bodies that inhabit the Earth, regardless of which system they belong to (microorganisms, animals, plants). Substances that live organisms create and proceed in the process of their lifetime are called a biogenic substance. These are oil, combustible shale, limestone and others. There is also a bone substance. It, in contrast to the biogenic, occurs without the participation of living organisms. The substance that is created by both alive organisms and indirect processes is called a biocosa.
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The living substance performs important biospheres in the biosphere, due to which the constant cycle of substances, energy, the integrity of the biosphere and its existence is ensured. A gas function is characterized by constant gas exchange between alive and non-residential organisms. Living organisms perform this gas exchange due to breathing, and plants - at the expense of photosynthesis. The concentration function of the living substance displays the ability of living organisms to accumulate chemical elements. Thanks to this function, coal accumulations, peat, oil were formed. The redox function is associated with chemical metabolism. It serves as the basis for metabolism, as well as plastic and energy exchanges. The energy function of the living substance is primarily performed by plants. For the existence of the biosphere, she needs energy. Green plants capture sunlight and thanks to photosynthesis create chemical bodies - peculiar drives that become a source of energy for the biosphere.
The biosphere is the earth's shell on which living organisms live and interact. It is a totality of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria and their results of their livelihoods. The biosphere is able to independently regulate natural processes, excluding objects that contradict the processes of its development. This is the active sheath of the earth's surface, which is a geochemical force of a world scale.
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