The first acquaintance with the outside world occurs in early childhood, when the baby begins to distinguish between the day and night, notes the differences between the seasons, the change in the weather and natural phenomena associated with the change of seasons. In elementary school, the first knowledge received from adults, the child learns to systematize and receive new, based on the principles of observations and experimental data (experimental data).
Observations to obtain knowledge about nature phenomena
Observation is the natural tracking and perception by man of natural phenomena and objects (living and real) in order to draw up common ideas, knowledge and skills. Such an approach to learning allows:
- To form shaped and specific concepts about the environment - based on this information in the future to develop spatial and logical thinking, oral speech and ability to write accumulated knowledge.
- Promote the development of a materialistic view on reality based on a constant change in natural phenomena, cyclicality of seasons, relationships and patterns of events occurring in the environment.
- Develop important personal quality - observation, which is associated with the emergence of sustainable interest and attention, curiosity, strengthening the properties of visual (figurative) memory and the formation of the principles for identifying the sequence of causal relationships between phenomena and events.
The organization of observation activities helps to upbringing accuracy, discipline in actions, develops the skills of systematized work, initiative, independence and analysis of the information received.
Nature observations suggest a long and continuous organized process and should have specifically set tasks and objectives - select the object of observation, drawing up a temporary plan or calendar for data enclosing, recording results, preliminary and overall data processing.
The outcome of the observations are the conclusions about the work done, the establishment of patterns and connections, as well as identifying ways to the practical use of the results obtained.
Conducting experiments to study these observations on the phenomena of nature
If the principle of observation is built on tracking natural natural phenomena or weather conditions, then the experience implies artificial creation of conditions (a certain model), under which the physical phenomenon is studied.
- Experiments are carried out in order to study a concrete phenomenon, throwing "extra" data that do not have a certain impact on the experiment.
- Experiments should be based on a scientific approach to the study of physical phenomena. Such an approach cannot be based on intuition - it is necessary to form a preliminary hypothesis, and then check its consistency with the help of the experiment.
- The hypothesis is a concept denoting some approval or a judgment that requires proof. The formation of the hypothesis occurs on the basis of analyzing observations of phenomena or events. To prove the loyalty of the hypothesis, it is necessary to carry out experience (experiment), during which certain conditions will be modeled, allowing accurate measurements. At the same time, during the experiment, a new hypothesis can be obtained based on the results.
- After conducting experience on the basis of the data obtained, conclusions are made, and there is also a transition from acquiring knowledge to its possible application.
Areas of knowledge of the phenomena of nature, in which the experiments are impossible
Similar scheme "Observation - hypothesis - model - experience" is the basis for obtaining data on nature and physical phenomena. But there are areas of research, where the only possible method for obtaining data remains observation:
- Astronomy - scientists and ordinary observers cannot arrange the stars at their request for a particular experiment. All laws of astronomy associated with the movement of planets and other celestial bodies are made on the basis of observations.
- Ecology is the main hypotheses about the possibility of surviving people with the existing impact of a person to the world around the world cannot be checked experimentally.
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